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This page describes how to throw Windows out of computers.


==Summary==
==Summary==
Linux used to be considered as difficult and only suitable for geeks, but modern flavours are very easy to use, following traditional Windows or Mac paradigms, and installation is usually trouble-free.
Linux used to be considered as difficult and only suitable for geeks, but modern flavours are very easy to use, following traditional Windows or Mac paradigms, and installation is usually trouble-free.


==Linux Migration==
Old computers can be given a new lease of life by installing Linux, some varieties of which are very modest in their hardware requirements. [[SSD_Migration_and_Troubleshooting#SSD_Migration|Fitting an SSD]] in combination with installing Linux can result in excellent performance on very old hardware.
First of all it's good to consider what sort of “flavour” you want. Linux Mint will be very easy to use for anyone familiar with Windows pre-Windows 8. Ubuntu is popular but has an interface designed to be equally applicable to mobile and touch-screen devices in the same way as Windows 8, and so may take more getting used to.
 
==Choice of Distro==
A linux system consists of a number of different components selected and packaged together into a "distro". There is a wide and confusing choice of distros, each attempting to satisfy particular needs or preferences. Many of these build on another distro by adding, removing or changing some of the components.
 
In fact, just a few distros cover most needs, and most you can try out as a "live system" booted from a CD/DVD or USB stick before committing to installing them on your hard disk. Some allow you to install them alongside your existing operating system, giving the choice of which to select each time you boot your computer.
 
[https://www.pendrivelinux.com/yumi-multiboot-usb-creator/ YUMI] allows you to install several Linux distributions on a memory stick (an 8GB stick will give you room for several, 16GB or greater will be plenty), allowing you to easily try each as often as you like until you decide. For many distros, YUMI allows you allocate space on the memory stick to save new or changed files between boots.
 
Most Linux distributions will run on relatively old hardware, though many require graphics hardware supporting direct rendering (direct drawing, in Windows terms). Lack of support may simply cause the desktop to crash rather than giving a useful error message. For older hardware, look for a distro which uses the Xfce window manager, natively, or as an option, as this should run much better.
 
First, it's good to consider what sort of "flavour" you want.
* Linux Mint will be very easy to use for anyone familiar with classic Windows (pre-Windows 8).
* Ubuntu is popular but has an interface designed to be equally applicable to mobile and touch-screen devices in the same way as Windows 8/10, and so may take more getting used to.
* [http://elementary.io elementaryOS] will feel much like home to MacOS users. A minimal (or as you wish) donation is required.
* Cairo-dock can be added to Ubuntu or Mint to give some aspects of a MacOS look and feel.
* There are several lightweight distros that will run well on older hardware.
 
A [[#Summary_of_distros|Summary of distros]] is given at the end of this page.


If you want the lightest and least resource-hungry system to make your older hardware really fly again, Lubuntu is a very small and effective option. Puppy Linux is still lighter-weight and suitable even for a laptop dating from the '90s. However, it does have a slight quirk in that you single-click on things to launch them where you would double-click in Windows, and hence you can very easily find yourself with two browser windows where you only wanted one!
If you want the lightest and least resource-hungry system to make your older hardware really fly again, Lubuntu is a very small and effective option. Puppy Linux is still lighter-weight and suitable even for a laptop dating from the '90s. However, it does have a slight quirk in that you single-click on things to launch them where you would double-click in Windows, and hence you can very easily find yourself with two browser windows where you only wanted one!


Most Linux distributions are designed to run directly from a CD or USB stick as a “live installation”. This enables you to try out the operating system before you commit to installing it. If you have sufficient disk space you may be able to install Linux alongside your existing operating system and boot into whichever you want while you get used to things and copy across your data. Alternatively, if you have an external USB hard disk or an old hard disk which you can put in a USB caddy (from around £10 only on eBay) then you can install Linux on that, and maybe swap it for your internal hard drive when you're ready to leave your old operating system behind.
If you have sufficient disk space you may be able to install Linux alongside your existing operating system and boot into whichever you want while you get used to things and copy across your data, or to allow you to fall back to your old operating system for some legacy application which you might need. Alternatively, if you have an external USB hard disk or an old hard disk which you can put in a USB caddy (from around £10 only on eBay) then you can install Linux on that, and maybe swap it for your internal hard drive when you're ready to leave your old operating system behind.
 
Typically, the "live" desktop contains an icon you can double-click in order to install to your hard disk, or on some, "live boot" or "full install" boot time options are given. Installation may take anything from 10 minutes to half an hour (quicker from a USB stick). Various choices will be offered but you can select the default for anything you don't fully understand.
 
If you are connected to the Internet, this will be detected and configured automatically, or you will be prompted for the WiFi details. On completion you should update to the latest update state, which may take a while.
 
Not quite Linux, but it's worth mentioning here that you can turn an old laptop into a chromebook. The instructions and installation files can be found at [http://www.neverware.com/http://www.neverware.com/ www.neverware.com]. Alternatively, you may be able to run Android on a laptop, but neither of these options can be expected to support the same range of hardware as Linux.
 
==Installation==
A distro usually (if not always) comes as a .iso (or possibly a .img) image file which you can burn to a CD (if it's less than 700MB) or a DVD, or you can copy to a USB memory stick. It will generally load considerably quicker from a memory stick, but for nearly all distros you will need one of at least 2GB capacity, and for some, 4GB, so a spare one you find at the bottom of a drawer may not be suitable.
 
It's important to understand that a .iso image is not like a simple file such as a .mp3 or a .jpg. If one of those is like a book on a bookshelf, then a .iso file is like a whole bookcase containing many individual books. Consequently the way you copy it to a CD/DVD or a memory stick is different, and it certainly won't work if you just copy it like a regular file.
 
===CD/DVD Installation===
Under Windows 10 you should be able to right-click on a .iso file and select Burn disk image. This may also work under other operating systems but if not, use your favourite search engine to search for "burn iso image" with your operating system name appended.
 
===USB Memory Stick Installation===
Copying a .iso image to a memory stick usually works fine but can be a little more troublesome since memory sticks vary more on the inside than you would imagine by looking at them. [https://unetbootin.github.io/ Unetbootin] is available for Windows, MacOS and Linux, and generally works well and is simple to use.
 
If you're trying several distros before deciding, you can use [https://www.pendrivelinux.com/yumi-multiboot-usb-creator/ Yumi] to write as many as will fit on the same memory stick and choose the one you want at boot time. As you add distros to your memory stick, for many it gives the option of creating a persistence file in which to save settings between boots. A few hundred MB is sufficient for most purposes, but you will need more if you intend to install large applications such as LibreOffice while still running from a memory stick.
 
===Booting===
Whether you wrote your .iso image to a CD/DVD or a memory stick, you now have to persuade your computer to boot from it instead of from the hard disk.
 
If you're lucky, the splash screen that comes up when you first power on your computer may tell you which function key you can press to get a boot selection menu, but you may have to be quick to see it. Or it may tell you how to get into the BIOS settings in order to set the boot device priority. If you get stuck at this point, an Internet search for boot priority, or BIOS setting, suffixed with your computer make and model should provide the answer.
 
Later computers (post 2011) have a pre-boot environment which, while often refered to as the BIOS, is in fact a much more sophisticated (sometimes graphical) system known as UEFI. If you have this you may have to turn off Secure Boot (this may be greyed out until you set a supervisor password - don't forget it!) and enable Compatibility Support Module (CSM) and/or Legacy Boot mode. You should then be able to set the USB memory stick or CD/DVD drive as a higher priority boot device than the hard disk. You may have to browse through all the settings to find these options.
 
''Important:'' if you have to make any changes to the BIOS or UEFI settings, make a careful note of what to set them back to, or you may no longer be able to boot your regular operating system.
 
Once you have persuaded you computer to boot the chosen distro, it should present you with a desktop which you can start to experiment with. If it hangs either before or after presenting the desktop the most likely cause is incompatibility of your graphics adapter. Try another version of the distro or another distro using a less demanding desktop manager such as MATE or Xfce.


==Supported applications==
==Supported applications==
Different distros come with different sets of applications but the basics are pretty much always included or easily installed from a repository. Specifically:
Different distros come with different sets of applications but the basics are pretty much always included or easily installed from a repository. Specifically:
* OpenOffice or LibreOffice (an offshoot of OpenOffice) provide word processing, spreadsheets and presentation software broadly compatible with Microsoft Office but with an interface modelled on Office2003, i.e. no ribbon. Compatibility with Microsoft Office is good for simple documents but more complex features including advanced formatting, diagrams and pictures may cause problems.
* OpenOffice or LibreOffice (an offshoot of OpenOffice) provide word processing, spreadsheets and presentation software broadly compatible with Microsoft Office but with an interface modelled on Office2003, i.e. no ribbon. Compatibility with Microsoft Office is good for simple documents but more complex features including advanced formatting, diagrams and pictures may cause problems.
* Firefox is normally the default web browser, but Chromium (a Linux version of Chrome) is  also available. BBC iPlayer works fine.
* Firefox is normally the default web browser, but Chrome is  also available, and the open source version Chromium, which lacks Flash Player. BBC iPlayer works fine within the browser.
* Thunderbird is provided as the email client if you want to store email locally instead of using webmail.
* Thunderbird is provided as the email client. This can store email locally using POP3, or using IMAP it can provide a more consistent interface to server-based email than webmail.
* Lightning provides calendar functionality as an add-on to Thunderbird.
* One of several media players is normally included but you're not limited to the one you're given.
* One of several media players is normally included but you're not limited to the one you're given.
* Powerful graphics editing to rival Photoshop is offered by The Gimp, but it can take a fair bit of getting used to.
* Powerful graphics editing to rival Photoshop is offered by The Gimp, but it can take a fair bit of getting used to. Gimpshop is based on Gimp but tries to offer a more Photoshop-like interface.
* Skype is available.
* Skype is available.
* An expanding range of games is available, both native Linux and running under the [http://store.steampowered.com/ Steam] platform.
A software management tool is included with all distros, allowing you to browse available packages or search for a particular one by name.


==Unsupported applications==
==Unsupported applications==
The following may not be available:
The following may not be available:
* Unlike Outlook, Thunderbird doesn't include calendar and appointments functionality, and if you use another application calendar sync with a mobile device or cloud service such as Gmail may not be available.
* Calendar sync options are more limited than with Outlook, which will sync with virtually anything.
* Not all printer manufacturers provide Linux support. The same is likely to be true for scanners and other peripherals.
* Not all manufacturers provide Linux support for printers, scanners and other peripherals. For a given device, check the manufacturer's website for a linux driver, or if you're looking for a compatible device, check the distro's website for a hardware compatibility list.
* iTunes is not available.
* iTunes is not available.
* If you use the programs that come with cameras, satnavs, phones, these may not be available in Linux variants.
* If you use the programs that come with cameras, satnavs, feature phones etc, these may not be available in Linux variants.
* A much more limited range of games is available.
* The range of games available is considerably more limited.
Some simple Windows applications may run successfully under the Wine Windows emulator, but this is by no means guaranteed.
Some simple Windows applications may run successfully under the Wine Windows emulator, but this is by no means guaranteed.


==References==
==Finding Alternative Applications==
{{Reflist}}
If you're still struggling to find a Linux alternative to Windows software you've been relying on, try [http://alternativeto.net alternative.net], which allows you to search for an alternative or browse a large database of applications of all sorts.
 
==Finding compatible hardware==
Proprietary drivers are increasingly accepted by Linux distros, making hardware compatibility less of a problem. Nevertheless, proprietary drivers do sometimes fail and are virtually impossible to fix unless the code is open source.
 
A useful resource is the [https://h-node.org/ h-node] website, which lists laptops, tablets and a variety of peripheral devices which have been tested for Linux compatibility. If you are thinking of buying a laptop or printer (for example) to use with a proprietary operating system but which you might later want to run under Linux, this website allows you to make an informed choice. Organised as a wiki, you can also register and record your own compatibility experiences for the benefit of the community.
 
==Summary of distros==
Screenshots and brief details of a few of the commoner distros are given below to give you some idea what they might look like and whether they would suit your purpose. The main functional differences are in the location and operation of the Menu button (equivalent of the Windows Start button) if provided and the task bar. Desktop backgrounds often change between versions of the same distro but are usually customisable.
 
Some of the more lightweight distros come with a very basic word processor such as Abiword instead of LibreOffice, or the Epiphany browser rather than Firefox, but all allow the more sophisticated apps to be installed if you prefer, subject to the capabilities of your computer.
 
Click on the screenshot thumbnails to expand to full resolution.
 
(This section is work-in-progress)


==External links==
{| Border="1"
* External links as bullet points
! Distro !! Features
! Requirements
Minimum (Recommended)
! Screenshot
|-
| [https://www.linuxmint.com/ Mint]
|| If you pine for Windows 7 then this is for you. The Cinnamon edition requires a reasonably modern graphics adapter but MATE and Xfce editions will run on older hardware.
||
* Processor: 1GHz 32 or 64 bit
* RAM: 512MB (1GB)
* Disk: 5GB (20GB)
* Screen: 800x600 (1024x768)
||[[File:LinuxMint_Screenshot.png|180px|thumb|center|Linux Mint.]]
|-
| [https://elementary.io/ Elementary OS]
|| Elementary OS visually resembles MacOS with a dock at the bottom of the screen. It's designed to be immediately usable and with a gentle learning curve.
||
* Processor: Dual core 64 bit
* RAM: 4GB
* Disk: 15GB
* Screen: 1024x768
|| [[File:Elementary_OS_Screenshot.png|180px|thumb|center|Elementary OS.]]
|-
| [https://www.ubuntu.com/ Ubuntu]
|| Ubuntu is well established and forms the foundation of many other distros, but the user interface may take a little getting used to if you prefer the traditional (Windows 7 and earlier) desktop style adopted by most distros. However, if you prefer Windows 10, then this may be the one for you.
||
* Processor: 32 or 64 bit
* RAM: 1GB
* Disk: 9GB
* Screen: 1024x768
|| [[File:Ubuntu_Screenshot_apps.png|180px|thumb|center|Ubuntu apps screen.]]
[[File:Ubuntu_Screenshot_tasks.png|180px|thumb|center|Ubuntu tasks screen.]]
|-
| [https://xubuntu.org/ Xubuntu]
|| A version of Ubuntu with a more traditional user interface based on the lightweight Xfce window manager, making it suitable for older hardware.
||
* Processor: 32 or 64 bit
* RAM: 512MB
* Disk: 5GB
* Screen: 800x600
|| [[File:Xubuntu_Screenshot.png|180px|thumb|center|Xubuntu.]]
|-
| LinuxLite
|| A lightweight distro which nevertheless has a good selection of utilities pre-installed. It is designed to make the transition from Windows as easy as possible whilst running on relatively old hardware.
||
* Processor: 1GHx (1.5GHz) 32 or 64 bit
* RAM: 768MB (1GB)
* Disk: 8GB (20GB)
* Screen: 1024x768
|| [[File:LinuxLite_Screenshot.png|180px|thumb|center|LinuxLite.]]
|-
| [https://lubuntu.me/ Lubuntu]
|| A very lightweight distro designed to work on relatively old hardware but nevertheless providing all the essentials for daily use.
||
* Processor: P2 or Celeron
* RAM: 128MB
* Disk: 2GB
* Screen:
|| [[File:Lubuntu_Screenshot.png|180px|thumb|center|Lubuntu.]]
|-
| [http://puppylinux.com/ Puppy]
|| One of the least demanding distros which will even run on a laptop from the 90's. A little quirk is that you single-click on items to launch them rather than double-click, with the result that at first you may often find yourself with two browser windows when you only wanted one.
||
* Processor: 500MHz
* RAM: 128GB
* Disk: 512MB
* Screen:
|| [[File:Puppy_Screenshot.png|180px|thumb|center|Puppy Linux.]]
|}


[[Category:Fixing]]
[[Category:Fixing]]

Revision as of 15:39, 5 August 2018

This page describes how to throw Windows out of computers.

Summary

Linux used to be considered as difficult and only suitable for geeks, but modern flavours are very easy to use, following traditional Windows or Mac paradigms, and installation is usually trouble-free.

Old computers can be given a new lease of life by installing Linux, some varieties of which are very modest in their hardware requirements. Fitting an SSD in combination with installing Linux can result in excellent performance on very old hardware.

Choice of Distro

A linux system consists of a number of different components selected and packaged together into a "distro". There is a wide and confusing choice of distros, each attempting to satisfy particular needs or preferences. Many of these build on another distro by adding, removing or changing some of the components.

In fact, just a few distros cover most needs, and most you can try out as a "live system" booted from a CD/DVD or USB stick before committing to installing them on your hard disk. Some allow you to install them alongside your existing operating system, giving the choice of which to select each time you boot your computer.

YUMI allows you to install several Linux distributions on a memory stick (an 8GB stick will give you room for several, 16GB or greater will be plenty), allowing you to easily try each as often as you like until you decide. For many distros, YUMI allows you allocate space on the memory stick to save new or changed files between boots.

Most Linux distributions will run on relatively old hardware, though many require graphics hardware supporting direct rendering (direct drawing, in Windows terms). Lack of support may simply cause the desktop to crash rather than giving a useful error message. For older hardware, look for a distro which uses the Xfce window manager, natively, or as an option, as this should run much better.

First, it's good to consider what sort of "flavour" you want.

  • Linux Mint will be very easy to use for anyone familiar with classic Windows (pre-Windows 8).
  • Ubuntu is popular but has an interface designed to be equally applicable to mobile and touch-screen devices in the same way as Windows 8/10, and so may take more getting used to.
  • elementaryOS will feel much like home to MacOS users. A minimal (or as you wish) donation is required.
  • Cairo-dock can be added to Ubuntu or Mint to give some aspects of a MacOS look and feel.
  • There are several lightweight distros that will run well on older hardware.

A Summary of distros is given at the end of this page.

If you want the lightest and least resource-hungry system to make your older hardware really fly again, Lubuntu is a very small and effective option. Puppy Linux is still lighter-weight and suitable even for a laptop dating from the '90s. However, it does have a slight quirk in that you single-click on things to launch them where you would double-click in Windows, and hence you can very easily find yourself with two browser windows where you only wanted one!

If you have sufficient disk space you may be able to install Linux alongside your existing operating system and boot into whichever you want while you get used to things and copy across your data, or to allow you to fall back to your old operating system for some legacy application which you might need. Alternatively, if you have an external USB hard disk or an old hard disk which you can put in a USB caddy (from around £10 only on eBay) then you can install Linux on that, and maybe swap it for your internal hard drive when you're ready to leave your old operating system behind.

Typically, the "live" desktop contains an icon you can double-click in order to install to your hard disk, or on some, "live boot" or "full install" boot time options are given. Installation may take anything from 10 minutes to half an hour (quicker from a USB stick). Various choices will be offered but you can select the default for anything you don't fully understand.

If you are connected to the Internet, this will be detected and configured automatically, or you will be prompted for the WiFi details. On completion you should update to the latest update state, which may take a while.

Not quite Linux, but it's worth mentioning here that you can turn an old laptop into a chromebook. The instructions and installation files can be found at www.neverware.com. Alternatively, you may be able to run Android on a laptop, but neither of these options can be expected to support the same range of hardware as Linux.

Installation

A distro usually (if not always) comes as a .iso (or possibly a .img) image file which you can burn to a CD (if it's less than 700MB) or a DVD, or you can copy to a USB memory stick. It will generally load considerably quicker from a memory stick, but for nearly all distros you will need one of at least 2GB capacity, and for some, 4GB, so a spare one you find at the bottom of a drawer may not be suitable.

It's important to understand that a .iso image is not like a simple file such as a .mp3 or a .jpg. If one of those is like a book on a bookshelf, then a .iso file is like a whole bookcase containing many individual books. Consequently the way you copy it to a CD/DVD or a memory stick is different, and it certainly won't work if you just copy it like a regular file.

CD/DVD Installation

Under Windows 10 you should be able to right-click on a .iso file and select Burn disk image. This may also work under other operating systems but if not, use your favourite search engine to search for "burn iso image" with your operating system name appended.

USB Memory Stick Installation

Copying a .iso image to a memory stick usually works fine but can be a little more troublesome since memory sticks vary more on the inside than you would imagine by looking at them. Unetbootin is available for Windows, MacOS and Linux, and generally works well and is simple to use.

If you're trying several distros before deciding, you can use Yumi to write as many as will fit on the same memory stick and choose the one you want at boot time. As you add distros to your memory stick, for many it gives the option of creating a persistence file in which to save settings between boots. A few hundred MB is sufficient for most purposes, but you will need more if you intend to install large applications such as LibreOffice while still running from a memory stick.

Booting

Whether you wrote your .iso image to a CD/DVD or a memory stick, you now have to persuade your computer to boot from it instead of from the hard disk.

If you're lucky, the splash screen that comes up when you first power on your computer may tell you which function key you can press to get a boot selection menu, but you may have to be quick to see it. Or it may tell you how to get into the BIOS settings in order to set the boot device priority. If you get stuck at this point, an Internet search for boot priority, or BIOS setting, suffixed with your computer make and model should provide the answer.

Later computers (post 2011) have a pre-boot environment which, while often refered to as the BIOS, is in fact a much more sophisticated (sometimes graphical) system known as UEFI. If you have this you may have to turn off Secure Boot (this may be greyed out until you set a supervisor password - don't forget it!) and enable Compatibility Support Module (CSM) and/or Legacy Boot mode. You should then be able to set the USB memory stick or CD/DVD drive as a higher priority boot device than the hard disk. You may have to browse through all the settings to find these options.

Important: if you have to make any changes to the BIOS or UEFI settings, make a careful note of what to set them back to, or you may no longer be able to boot your regular operating system.

Once you have persuaded you computer to boot the chosen distro, it should present you with a desktop which you can start to experiment with. If it hangs either before or after presenting the desktop the most likely cause is incompatibility of your graphics adapter. Try another version of the distro or another distro using a less demanding desktop manager such as MATE or Xfce.

Supported applications

Different distros come with different sets of applications but the basics are pretty much always included or easily installed from a repository. Specifically:

  • OpenOffice or LibreOffice (an offshoot of OpenOffice) provide word processing, spreadsheets and presentation software broadly compatible with Microsoft Office but with an interface modelled on Office2003, i.e. no ribbon. Compatibility with Microsoft Office is good for simple documents but more complex features including advanced formatting, diagrams and pictures may cause problems.
  • Firefox is normally the default web browser, but Chrome is also available, and the open source version Chromium, which lacks Flash Player. BBC iPlayer works fine within the browser.
  • Thunderbird is provided as the email client. This can store email locally using POP3, or using IMAP it can provide a more consistent interface to server-based email than webmail.
  • Lightning provides calendar functionality as an add-on to Thunderbird.
  • One of several media players is normally included but you're not limited to the one you're given.
  • Powerful graphics editing to rival Photoshop is offered by The Gimp, but it can take a fair bit of getting used to. Gimpshop is based on Gimp but tries to offer a more Photoshop-like interface.
  • Skype is available.
  • An expanding range of games is available, both native Linux and running under the Steam platform.

A software management tool is included with all distros, allowing you to browse available packages or search for a particular one by name.

Unsupported applications

The following may not be available:

  • Calendar sync options are more limited than with Outlook, which will sync with virtually anything.
  • Not all manufacturers provide Linux support for printers, scanners and other peripherals. For a given device, check the manufacturer's website for a linux driver, or if you're looking for a compatible device, check the distro's website for a hardware compatibility list.
  • iTunes is not available.
  • If you use the programs that come with cameras, satnavs, feature phones etc, these may not be available in Linux variants.
  • The range of games available is considerably more limited.

Some simple Windows applications may run successfully under the Wine Windows emulator, but this is by no means guaranteed.

Finding Alternative Applications

If you're still struggling to find a Linux alternative to Windows software you've been relying on, try alternative.net, which allows you to search for an alternative or browse a large database of applications of all sorts.

Finding compatible hardware

Proprietary drivers are increasingly accepted by Linux distros, making hardware compatibility less of a problem. Nevertheless, proprietary drivers do sometimes fail and are virtually impossible to fix unless the code is open source.

A useful resource is the h-node website, which lists laptops, tablets and a variety of peripheral devices which have been tested for Linux compatibility. If you are thinking of buying a laptop or printer (for example) to use with a proprietary operating system but which you might later want to run under Linux, this website allows you to make an informed choice. Organised as a wiki, you can also register and record your own compatibility experiences for the benefit of the community.

Summary of distros

Screenshots and brief details of a few of the commoner distros are given below to give you some idea what they might look like and whether they would suit your purpose. The main functional differences are in the location and operation of the Menu button (equivalent of the Windows Start button) if provided and the task bar. Desktop backgrounds often change between versions of the same distro but are usually customisable.

Some of the more lightweight distros come with a very basic word processor such as Abiword instead of LibreOffice, or the Epiphany browser rather than Firefox, but all allow the more sophisticated apps to be installed if you prefer, subject to the capabilities of your computer.

Click on the screenshot thumbnails to expand to full resolution.

(This section is work-in-progress)

Distro Features Requirements

Minimum (Recommended)

Screenshot
Mint If you pine for Windows 7 then this is for you. The Cinnamon edition requires a reasonably modern graphics adapter but MATE and Xfce editions will run on older hardware.
  • Processor: 1GHz 32 or 64 bit
  • RAM: 512MB (1GB)
  • Disk: 5GB (20GB)
  • Screen: 800x600 (1024x768)
Linux Mint.
Elementary OS Elementary OS visually resembles MacOS with a dock at the bottom of the screen. It's designed to be immediately usable and with a gentle learning curve.
  • Processor: Dual core 64 bit
  • RAM: 4GB
  • Disk: 15GB
  • Screen: 1024x768
Elementary OS.
Ubuntu Ubuntu is well established and forms the foundation of many other distros, but the user interface may take a little getting used to if you prefer the traditional (Windows 7 and earlier) desktop style adopted by most distros. However, if you prefer Windows 10, then this may be the one for you.
  • Processor: 32 or 64 bit
  • RAM: 1GB
  • Disk: 9GB
  • Screen: 1024x768
Ubuntu apps screen.
Ubuntu tasks screen.
Xubuntu A version of Ubuntu with a more traditional user interface based on the lightweight Xfce window manager, making it suitable for older hardware.
  • Processor: 32 or 64 bit
  • RAM: 512MB
  • Disk: 5GB
  • Screen: 800x600
Xubuntu.
LinuxLite A lightweight distro which nevertheless has a good selection of utilities pre-installed. It is designed to make the transition from Windows as easy as possible whilst running on relatively old hardware.
  • Processor: 1GHx (1.5GHz) 32 or 64 bit
  • RAM: 768MB (1GB)
  • Disk: 8GB (20GB)
  • Screen: 1024x768
LinuxLite.
Lubuntu A very lightweight distro designed to work on relatively old hardware but nevertheless providing all the essentials for daily use.
  • Processor: P2 or Celeron
  • RAM: 128MB
  • Disk: 2GB
  • Screen:
Lubuntu.
Puppy One of the least demanding distros which will even run on a laptop from the 90's. A little quirk is that you single-click on items to launch them rather than double-click, with the result that at first you may often find yourself with two browser windows when you only wanted one.
  • Processor: 500MHz
  • RAM: 128GB
  • Disk: 512MB
  • Screen:
Puppy Linux.